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1995年9月29日，俄罗斯联邦政府决定成立国有的开放式股份企业－俄罗斯石油公司。现任俄罗斯石油公司总裁波格丹奇科夫。

成立之初的几年，俄罗斯石油公司遇到了极大困难，公司在很长时间内无法适应新的市场条件。1998年俄罗斯金融危机期间，俄罗斯石油公司面临是否继续存在下去的痛苦抉择。金融危机使俄罗斯石油公司财政状况严重恶化，公司对所属企业的资产失去控制。到1998年末，由30个大企业组成的俄罗斯石油公司的总资产不足5亿美元。1998年末，俄罗斯石油公司新领导集体走马上任，提出了改变现状、恢复失去的市场份额和使公司步入持续发展轨道的任务。当时公司面临的最迫切任务是认真弄清形势和完善公司管理。公司用了将近一年的时间稽核资产和消除公司内部的离心倾向，到1999年末成功恢复了对主要资产的控制，统一的生产和经济政策得以在公司范围内实施。1999年俄罗斯石油公司扭亏为盈，从此该公司步入稳定发展轨道。

2000年，俄罗斯石油公司各项生产和经营指标均取得了大幅度增长。甚至在2001年俄国内外石油市场行情走低的情况下，公司生产指标不仅没有降低，反而持续增长。2002年公司生产指标达到1995年成立以来的最高水平。2003年公司资产显著增长。2004年公司生产经营实现质的飞跃。俄罗斯石油公司新管理层确定的目标不仅仅是恢复失去的市场份额，并在现有资源的基础上建立有效的生产链条。公司改革的主要目标是成为强大的和平衡发展的世界能源集团。

2012年10月22日，俄罗斯国有石油巨头俄罗斯石油公司（Rosneft）宣布，已与英国石油公司和俄罗斯私人财团AAR达成协议，从两个大股东手中各购买其所持俄罗斯第3大油企秋明-英国石油公司（TNK-BP）50%的股权。收购总额约为550亿美元。收购完成后，俄罗斯石油公司的石油和天然气产量将超过美国埃克森美孚，成为全球最大上市企业。

针对欧盟制裁俄罗斯一些大企业，莫斯科方面正把欧盟告上法庭。这个迹象表明，把这些企业挡在全球资本市场门外，正给俄罗斯经济带来极大痛苦。

2015年6月21日，中国化工集团对外公布，俄罗斯石油公司将认购中国化工下属油气公司30%的股份。

英文翻译：On September 29, 1995, the government of the Russian Federation decided to establish the state-owned open joint stock enterprise Rosneft. At present, he is the president of Rosneft. In the first few years of its establishment, Rosneft encountered great difficulties and was unable to adapt to the new market conditions for a long time. During the Russian financial crisis in 1998, Rosneft faced a painful choice whether to continue to exist or not. The financial crisis has seriously worsened the financial situation of Rosneft, and the company has lost control of its assets. By the end of 1998, the total assets of Rosneft, composed of 30 large enterprises, were less than US $500 million. At the end of 1998, the new leadership group of Rosneft took office and put forward the task of changing the current situation, restoring the lost market share and making the company step into the sustainable development track. At that time, the most urgent task for the company was to clarify the situation and improve the company management. The company spent nearly one year to audit assets and eliminate the centrifugal tendency within the company. By the end of 1999, the company successfully recovered the control over major assets, and unified production and economic policies were implemented within the company. In 1999, Rosneft turned from deficit to profit, and since then it has stepped into a stable development track. In 2000, the production and operation indicators of Rosneft have achieved substantial growth. Even in 2001, when the oil market in Russia and abroad fell, the company's production index did not decrease, but continued to grow. In 2002, the company's production index reached the highest level since its establishment in 1995. In 2003, the company's assets increased significantly. In 2004, the company achieved a qualitative leap in production and operation. The goal of Rosneft's new management is not only to restore lost market share, but also to establish an effective production chain based on existing resources. The main goal of the company's reform is to become a strong and balanced world energy group. On October 22, 2012, Russian state-owned oil giant Rosneft announced that it had reached an agreement with BP and AAR, a private Russian consortium, to purchase 50% of TNK-BP, the third largest Russian oil company, from two major shareholders. The total value of the acquisition is about $55 billion. Upon completion of the acquisition, Rosneft's oil and gas production will surpass that of ExxonMobil and become the world's largest listed company. Moscow is suing the European Union for sanctions against some of Russia's big companies. This shows that keeping these enterprises out of the global capital market is causing great pain to the Russian economy. On June 21, 2015, CHEMCHINA announced that Rosneft would subscribe 30% of the shares of PetroChina's oil and gas companies.

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